MFAHAMU HASTINGS KAMUZU BANDA RAIS ALIYETUHUMIWA KUWAUA MAWAZIRI WAKE WANNE KWA KUWAPIGA MISUMARI VICHWANI.

Kamuzu Banda alizaliwa karibu na Kasungu, Malawi iliyokuwa wakati ule sehemu ya eneo lindwa la Afrika ya Kati ya Kiingereza (baadaye Nyasaland).

Wazazi walikuwa Mphonongo Banda na Akupingamnyama Phiri. Tarehe ya kuzaliwa haijulikani ilhali wakati ule hakukuwa na utaratibu wa kuandikisha watu. Alikubali baadaye matokeo ya utafiti wa rafiki kutoka Marekani aliyekadiria ya kwamba alizaliwa mnamo Machi au Aprili 1898.

Jina lake Kamuzu lamaanisha "mzizi mdogo" kwa sababu alizaliwa baada ya mama yake kutumia dawa ya mitishamba kwa kusudi la kupata mimba.

Banda lilikuwa jina la baba yake, na jina la Hastings alijiongezea baada ya kubatizwa kwa heshima ya mmisionari mmoja kutoka Uskoti aliyependwa naye.

Mnamo 1915–1916 Banda aliondoka kwao akisafiri kwanza Rhodesia ya Kusini (sasa Zimbabwe) na mwaka 1917 aliendelea hadi Johannesburg katika Afrika Kusini alipopata kazi kwenye migodi ya Witwatersrand. Wakati ule alijiunga na kanisa la African Methodist Episcopal Church na hapo askofu wa kanisa lile aliona kipaji chake akamkubali kwa masomo. Mwaka 1925 Banda aliondoka kwenda Marekani.

Alisoma kwa miaka 3 kwenye Wilberforce Institute iliyokuwa chuo cha Kanisa la A.M.E. akaendelea kwa miaka 2 Bloomington, Indiana, kwa maandalizi ya masomo ya tiba.

Kutoka huko alikaribishwa kuhamia Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago alipokuwa msaidizi wa profesa wa lugha aliyetunga kamusi na sarufi ya lugha ya Chichewa, akajisomea historia akamaliza bachelor. Kwa msaada wa wafadhili aliweza kuendelea kusoma elimu ya tiba kwenye Meharry Medical College huko Tennessee alipomaliza mwaka 1937.

Kwa kurudi kwao kama tabibu alihitaji mtihani kufuatana na mfumo wa Uingereza, hivyo alihamia Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburgh alipopokea vyeti vya tiba na upasuaji mwaka 1941. Alianza kufanya kazi ya tabibu huko Uingereza katika miaka 1941-1951.

Mwaka 1946 Banda aliombwa kuhudhuria mkutano wa Pan-African Congress mjini Manchester (15-19 Oktoba 1945) kama mwakilishi wa Nyasaland. Tangu mkutano huu alishiriki katika siasa. Alijulikana kwake Nyasaland kama Mwafrika mwenye elimu ya juu zaidi kutoka nchi yake.

Baada ya miaka kadhaa huko Gold Coast (Ghana) aliombwa na wanasiasa Waafrika arudi Nyasaland akafika mwaka 1958. Kwenye mkutano wa chama cha Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) alichaguliwa mara moja kuwa kiongozi. Alikuta nchi yake Nyasaland kuwa sehemu ya Shirikisho la Afrika ya Kati ambako walowezi wa Rhodesia ya Kusini walikuwa na hasira kubwa na kuendeleza ubaguzi wa rangi. Banda alipinga kuwepo kwa shirikisho hili.

Alizunguka nchini akiwahutubia watu na kudai uhuru wa Unyasa, Kutokana na muda mrefu wa kukaa mbali na nyumbani alihitaji wafasiri maana alishindwa mwanzoni kutumia Lugha mama yake.

Wananchi wengi walimfuata na hadi mwaka 1959 harakati ya uhuru iliongezeka kiasi kwamba serikali ilitangaza hali ya dharura. Banda alikamatwa na kuwekwa jela kwa miezi 11. Chama cha NAC kilipigwa marufuku lakini wanachama nje ya gereza waliunda badala yake chama cha "Malawi Congress Party" (MCP) na kumtangaza Banda kuwa mwenyekiti ingawa bado alikaa jela.

Wakati huo wanasiasa katika Uingereza walianza kukazia uhuru kwa makoloni yake. Kwa hiyo Banda aliachishwa gerezani kwenye Aprili 1960 akapelekwa London kwa majadiliano kuhusu uhuru wa nchi.

Baada ya uchaguzi wa Agosti 1961 ulioleta kura nyingi kwa chama chake Banda alikuwa waziri wa ardhi na serikali za mitaa. Tarehe 1 Februari 1963 alikuwa waziri mkuu wa Nyasaland.

Mwaka 1964 aliongoza nchi kwenye uhuru kamili. Banda aliamua kubadilisha jina kutoka Nyasaland kuwa "Malawi".

Wakati wa Agosti na Septemba 1964 Banda alijikuta mara ya kwanza mbele ya upinzani wa mawaziri wengi. Walilalamika juu ya Banda kutoshauriana nao akifanya maazimio, kuendelea kwa uhusiano wa kidiplomasia na Afrika Kusini (iliyofuata siasa ya apartheid) na Ureno iliyotawala makoloni ya Msumbiji n.k.

Banda aliachisha mawaziri watatu tarehe 7 Septemba. Mawaziri wengine waliwafuata wakijiuzulu. Maandamano nchini yalifuata na wafuasi wa Banda walipigana na hao wa mawaziri. Mawaziri wengi waliondoka nchini. Wawili walijaribu kuingia pamoja na wanamgambo wenye silaha kutoka Msumbiji lakini walishindwa.

Mwaka 1966 Malawi ikawa jamhuri na Hastings Banda rais wake wa kwanza na chama cha MCP kilikuwa chama pekee cha kisiasa.

Mwaka 1970 alitangazwa kuwa mwenyekiti kwa maisha yote wa chama cha MCP. Hatua hii ilifuatwa na Banda KUWA RAIS WA TAIFA KWA MAISHA YAKE YOTE. Umoja wa vijana wa chama cha MCP ulihakikisha kukomeshwa kwa kila upinzani nchini pamoja na vyombo vya dola.

Wote walipaswa kumtaja kwa jina la "His Excellency the Life President Ngwazi Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda" kwa kuongeza "Ngwazi" ambalo ni neno la Chichewa lenye maana ya "shujaa". Kutamka maneno ya ukosoaji dhidi ya rais ilikuwa hatari.

Alitangaza mambo mengi kuwa marufuku Malawi, kwa mfano wanawake kuvaa suruali, kuonyesha magoti, wanaume kuwa na nywele ndefu au suruali fupi. Makanisa yalipaswa kutafuta kibali cha serikali, Mashahidi wa Yehova walipigwa marufuku. Wamalawi wenye asili ya Uhindi walipaswa kuachana na nyumba zao na kuhamia maeneo ya pekee katika miji. Magazeti, vitabu na filamu vilichunguliwa na wakaguzi wa serikali.

Banda alifaulu kutunza amani nchini wakati wa utawala wake lakini aliongoza kama dikteta. Mwaka 1983 mawaziri watatu wa serikali yake waliuawa. Banda mwenyewe alianzisha majadiliano kuhusu kukubali vyama vingi nchini. Mawaziri watatu waliunga mkono hoja hii na mara moja rais aliachisha baraza lote la mawaziri akaita mkutano wa bunge na kuachisha wabunge wote. Mawaziri watatu walifungwa katika chumba bungeni na kupigwa. Mbunge mmoja aliingia katika chumba hiki na kuwaona wakiteswa alikamatwa pamoja nao. Wote wanne walipatikana wamekufa katika gari la Peugeot lililopinduka. Serikali ilizuia kufunguliwa kwa majeneza wakati na mazishi yaliyotokea usiku. Walitangazwa kuwa wahanga wa ajali lakini baadaye ilijulikana waliuawa kwa kupiga misumari katika vichwa vyao kabla ya kuweka maiti katika gari na kulisukuma katika korongo.

Hadi mnamo 1990 nchi za magharibi zilisaidia au angalau kuvumilia serikali ya Banda kwa sababu alikuwa mpinzani wa ukomunisti, pia kati ya nchi chache za Afrika zilizoendelea kuwa na uhusiano na Afrika Kusini. Lakini kuporomoka kwa ukomunisti kulisababisha badiliko. Wafadhili wa miradi ya maendeleo walidai mabadiliko ya kuheshimu haki za binadamu. Serikali ya Uingereza ilisimamisha usaidizi wote kwa Malawi.

Katika Machi 1992 maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Malawi walitunga waraka kwa Wakristo walipotamka ukosoaji wa Banda na serikali. Wanafunzi wa vyuo walichukua upande wa maaskofu na kuandamana. Vyuo vikafungwa.

Hadi Oktoba 1992 Banda alipaswa kukubali kura ya wananchi kuhusu swali la kukubali vyama vingi. Kura hii ilileta asilimia 64 kwa ajili ya demokrasia ya vyama vingi. Mwaka huohuo halmashauri mpya ilitangaza katiba mpya na kuondoa "urais wa maisha". Jeshi la Malawi lilivamia vituo vya Umoja wa Vijana wa MCP na kukamata silaha zote zilizowahi kupewa kama mkono wa utawala wa chama.

Katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 1994 Banda aligombea tena urais lakini alishindwa na Bakili Muluzi. Chama kipya cha Muluzi kilipata wabunge wengi.

Mwaka 1995 Banda alikamatwa na kupelekwa mahakamani kwa mashtaka ya kuhusika katika mauaji ya mawaziri ya mwaka 1983.

Aliachishwa kutokana na upungufu wa ushahidi.

Banda aliendelea kuwaangalia Wamalawi kama "watoto wa siasa" akatabiri ya kwamba wanahitaji "mkono wa chuma".

Mwaka 1997 alingonjeka akapelekwa kwa matibabu Afrika Kusini alipofariki tarehe 25 Novemba 1997 akiwa na umri wa miaka 99 hivi.

Secrets of Success - ep 6

51. Aromas have been proven to be an effective means of entering a state of relaxation. Scents have a very noticeable effect on your mindset and moods. Purchase the essential oils of orange and clove bud from your local health food shop. Put a few drops of either oil within a cup of boiling water and inhale the sweet smelling steam for a few minutes. Then let the mixture sit in the room where you are resting. You will gain a sense of peace and serenity. A little apple spice in the air has recently been shown to induce a far more restful sleep. 

52. Cultivate the art of walking half an hour after you have finished eating your evening meal. Walks in natural settings are the very best. Walking is, perhaps, nature's ideal exercise. And when you walk, do not think about work or about the bills or about the challenges you might be facing - this will neutralize many of the benefits. Simply enjoy the walk. Notice the richness of your surroundings. Let your senses drink in the beauty of nature and the crispness of the air for a change. So many people who have mastered the art of growing younger have also mastered the habit of a daily walk. 

53. Start a program of weight lifting at the gym. Strong people are mentally tough people. As you age, you need not lose your physical nor your mental strength. 75 year-old men are running marathons, 80 year-old women have scaled mountains and 90 year-old grandparents are living rich, productive lives. Whether you are 19 or 93, stay fit, stay motivated and stay passionate about life. 

54. Never argue with the person you work for - you will lose more than just the argument. 

55. In terms of business attire, dark suits (navy blue and charcoal grey) reflect power, sophistication and authority. Have you ever seen a prime minister or president in a tan suit? 

56. Regularly send handwritten notes to your business clients and your other relations to strengthen the bond. Develop a system which reminds you to send something valuable to this network at least once every four months. Send them postcards when you are away on vacation. If you have to buy a few hundred postcards and spend an hour writing, don't worry. This is an exceptionally good investment of your time. Another idea is to send a recent article of interest to your contacts with a handwritten note saying that you thought this would interest them and that you continue to value their friendship. Relationship building should always be a central focus whether you are a CEO, a student, a salesperson or a parent. 

57. Two of the fundamentals for a happy, joyful life are balance and moderation. One must maintain a balance of all activities and do nothing to extremes. 

58. Drink Jasmine tea which can be obtained from any Chinese herbal shop. It is excellent for your general health and is very relaxing. Also try placing a few slices of fresh ginger in a cup of hot water for a superb tea that will restore vitality and keep you in a peak physical condition. 

59. Remember that effective time management makes you more rather than less flexible. It allows you to do the things that you really want to do rather than the things you really have to do. 

60. Do not take personal development books as gospel. Read them and take whatever useful ideas you need. Some people feel they must do everything suggested and take the techniques to extremes. Every book has at least one tool or strategy of benefit. Take what you need and what works for you and discard what doesn't suit you. 

Secrets of Success - ep 5

41. When you stand and meet someone, stand firm and steadfast. A telling sign of an unfocused, weak mind is constant fidgeting, shifting of the eyes and shallow breathing. 

42. Act tough and you will be tough. Have courage and inspire others with your actions. But always be considerate. 

43. Ask not what this world can do for you but, rather, what you can do for this world. Make service an important goal in your life. It is a most fulfilling investment of time. Remember, in the twilight of your life, when all is said and done, the quality of your life boils down to the quality of your contribution to others. Leave a rich legacy for those around you to savour. 

44. Once a week, arise at dawn. It is a magical time of day. Be still, go for a walk or simply listen to an old Ella Fitzgerald recording. Take a long, hot shower and do 100 pushups. Read one of the classics. You will feel alive and invigorated. 

45. Remain slightly aloof. Do not let everyone know everything about you. Cultivate a mystique. 

46. Master the art of public speaking. There are few natural speakers. One great trial lawyer stammered dreadfully but through courage and strength of conviction, he developed into a brilliant orator. Role model anyone you think is a highly effective, influential communicator. Visualize a picture of this person. Stand like him, smile like him, and talk like him. The results will startle you. 

47. Seek out motivational speakers committed to character training and lifelong success. Make it a point to attend inspirational lectures each month to consistently renew the importance of personal growth in your mind. In a two hour seminar, you can learn powerful techniques and strategies that others have spent many years learning and refining. Never feel that you have no time for gathering new ideas, you are investing in yourself. 

48. Read the wonderful book "Discovering Happiness" by Dennis Wholey. It will certainly open up new horizons for you in your quest for an optimal state of health and happiness. 

49. To enhance your concentration, read a passage in a book you have never explored. Then try to recite it verbatim. Practice this for only 5 minutes a day and enjoy the results which follow after a few months of effort. 

50. Try entering a 5 km running race and then a 10 km event. The adrenaline that flows from the experience of racing with several hundred other fitness-minded people is exhilarating. By constantly pushing the envelope of your capacity, your potential will quickly unfold. Remember, the body will give you only what you ask of it. 

Secrets of Success -ep 4

31. Stress is simply a response which you create in the interpretation of an event. Two people might find that a given event results in quite different responses. For example, an after dinner speech might strike fear into the heart of an inexperienced speaker while a strong orator views it as a wonderful opportunity to share his thoughts. Understanding that the perceived negative effects of an event or task may be mentally manipulated and conditioned towards the positive, will allow you to be a peak performer in all instances. 

32. Read "The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People" by Stephen Covey. It contains a wealth of wisdom and powerful insights into further developing your character and enhancing your personal relationships. 

33. Become a committed audio-tape user. Most personal-mastery programs and books are now offered in this format. Listen to these inspirational materials on your way to work, whilst waiting in the line at a bank or while you wash dishes in the evening. Make your car a college on wheels and use the drive time to make knowledge your best friend. All down time can be very effectively used in this productive fashion. Use such opportunities to learn and continually expand your mind and its vast potential. 

34. Try fasting one day every two weeks. During these fast days, drink fruit juice and eat fresh fruits only. You will feel more energetic, cleansed and alert. Fasting also has a salutary effect on your will-power as you are subverting the otherwise pressing impulses in your mind calling on you to eat more. 

35. Keep a radio-cassette player at your office and listen to soft, soothing music throughout the day. Place pleasant scents and inspirational pictures in your workplace. By the magic of association, your work will become something you enjoy even more and arouse a very pleasant feeling within you. Budget your time on trips such that you can spend half an hour in the airport bookstore. They always contain the latest and best self-mastery books and tapes given that those who travel by air are of a group that finds value in these materials. 

36. Read "As a Man Thinketh" by James Allen. And don't just read this little book once, read it over and over again. It contains an abundance of timeless wisdom on living a fuller and happier life. 

37. Remember that forgiveness is a virtue that few develop, but one that is most important to maintaining peace of mind. Mark Twain wrote that forgiveness is the fragrance the violet sheds on the heel that has crushed it. Practice forgiveness especially in those situations where it is seemingly difficult. By using your emotional forgiveness muscles more regularly, petty wrongs, remarks and slights will not touch you and nothing will penetrate your concentrated, serene mindset. 

38. Empty your cup. A full cup cannot accept anything more. Similarly, a person who believes that he cannot learn anything else will stagnate quickly and not move to higher levels. A true sign of a secure, mature individual is someone who sees every opportunity as a chance to learn. Even the teachers have teachers. 

39. The Two Minute Mind is an excellent exercise for developing concentration. Simply stare at the second hand on your wristwatch for two minutes and think about nothing else for that time. At first your mind will wander but after 21 days of practice, your attention will not waver during the routine. One of the greatest qualities a person can develop to ensure his success is the ability to focus for extended periods of time. Learn to build up your concentration muscles and no task will be too difficult for you. 

40. Drink a cup of warm water before a speech. Ronald Reagan employed this strategy to ensure that he maintained his honey-smooth voice. Mastery of the art of public speaking is a noble goal. So dedicate yourself to it. You will be judged by the calibre of your communication skills. 

Secrets of Success -ep 3

21. No one can insult or hurt you without your permission. One of the golden keys to happiness and great success is the way you interpret events which unfold before you. Highly successful people are master interpreters. People who have attained greatness have an ability which they have developed to interpret negative or disempowering events as positive challenges which will assist them in growing and moving even farther up the ladder of success. There are no negative experiences only experiences which aid in your development and toughen your character so that you may soar to new heights. There are no failures, only lessons. 

22. Take a speed reading course. Reading is a powerful way to gain many years of experience from a few hours of study. For example, most biographies reflect the strategies and philosophies of great leaders or courageous individuals. Read them and model them. Speed reading will allow you to digest large quantities of material in relatively small periods of time. 

23. Remember people's names and treat everyone well. This habit, along with enthusiasm, is one of the great success secrets. Everyone in this world wears an imaginary button that screams out "I WANT TO FEEL IMPORTANT AND APPRECIATED!". 

24. Be soft as a flower when it comes to kindness but tough as thunder when it comes to principle. Be courteous and polite at all times but never be pushed around. Ensure that you are always treated with respect. 

25. Never discuss your health, wealth and other personal matters with anyone outside of your immediate family. Be very disciplined in this regard. 

26. Be truthful, patient, persevering, modest and generous. 

27. Soak in a warm bath at the end of a long, productive day. Reward yourself for even the smallest of achievement. Take time out for renewal of your mind, body and spirit. Soon all your more important goals will be met and you will move to the next level of peak performance.

28. Learn the power of breathing and its relationship with your energy source. The mind is intimately connected with your breathing. For example, when the mind is agitated, your breathing becomes quick and shallow. When you are relaxed and focused, your breathing is deep and calm. By practising deep, abdominal breathing, you will develop a calm, serene demeanor that will remain cool in the hottest of circumstances. Remember the rule of the Eastern mountain men: "to breathe properly is to live properly." 

29. Recognize and cultivate the power of autosuggestion. It works and is an essential tool in maintaining peak performance. We are all performers in one way or another and it is particularly valuable to use such techniques of athletes and public figures for our own enhancement. If you want to become more enthusiastic, repeat "I am more enthusiastic today and am improving this trait daily". Repeat it over and over. Purchase a legal notepad and write out this mantra 500 times. Do it for three weeks with regular practice and feel that this quality is developing. Very soon it will come. This is a strategy that Indian sages have employed for thousands of years to aid their spiritual and mental development. Do not be discouraged if the results are not immediate, they will certainly develop. The spoken word is a powerful influencer of the mind. 

30. Maintain a diary to measure your progress and to express your thoughts. Writing out not only your successes but your troubles is one of the world's most effective methods of erasing the worry habit, staying in optimum state and developing precision of thought.

Secrets of Success ep 2

11. Light a candle beside you when you are reading in the evening. It is most relaxing and creates a wonderful, soothing atmosphere. Make your home an oasis from the frenzied world outside. Fill it with great music, great books and great friends. 

12. To enhance your concentration and powers of focus, count your steps when you walk. This is a particularly strong technique. Take six steps while taking a long inhale, hold your breath for another six steps, and then exhale for six steps. If six steps is too long for the breaths, do whatever you feel comfortable with. You will feel very alert, refreshed, internally quiet and centered after this exercise. So many people allow their minds to be filled with mental chatter. All peak performers appreciate the power of a quiet, clear mind which will concentrate steadily on all important tasks. 

13. Learn to meditate effectively. The mind is naturally a very noisy machine which wants to move from one subject to another like an unchained monkey. One must learn to restrain and discipline it if one is to achieve anything of substance and to be peaceful. Meditation for twenty minutes in the morning and twenty minutes in the evening will certainly provide you with exceptional results if regularly practiced for six months. Learned sages of the East have been advancing the many benefits of meditation for over 5000 years. 

14. Learn to be still. The average person doesn't spend even 30 minutes a month in total silence and tranquility. Develop the skill of sitting quietly, enjoying the powerful silence for at least ten minutes a day. Simply think about what is important to you in your life. Reflect on your mission. Silence indeed is golden. As the Zen master once said, it is the space between the bars that holds the cage. 

15. Enhance your will-power; it is likely one of the best training programs you can invest in. Here are some ideas to strengthen your will and become a stronger person: 

a. Do not let your mind float like a piece of paper in the wind. Work hard to keep it focused at all times. When doing a task, think of nothing else. When walking to work, count the steps that it takes to get all the way to the office. This is not easy but your mind will soon understand that you hold its reins and not vice versa. Your mind must eventually become as still as a candle flame in a corner where there is no draft.

b. Your will is like a muscle. You must first exercise it and then push before it gets stronger. This necessarily involves short term pain but be assured that the improvements will come and will touch your character in a most positive way. When you are hungry, wait another hour before your meal. When you are labouring over a difficult task and your mind is prompting you to pick up the latest magazine for a break or to get up and go talk to a friend, curb the impulse. Soon you will be able to sit for hours in a precisely concentrated state. Sir Issac Newton, one of the greatest classical physicists the world has produced, once said: "if I have done the public any service, it is due to patient thought." Newton had a remarkable ability to sit quietly and think without interruption for very long periods of time. If he can develop this so can you. 

c. You can also build your will-power by restraint in your conduct with others. Speak less (use the 60/40 Rule = listen 60% of the time and speak a mere 40%, if that). This will not only make you more popular but you will learn much wisdom as everyone we meet, every day has something to teach us. Also restrain the urge to gossip or to condemn someone who you feel has made a mistake. Stop complaining and develop a cheerful, vital and strong personality. You will greatly influence others. 

d. When a negative thought comes to your mind, immediately replace it with one that is positive. Positive always dominates over the negative and your mind has to be conditioned to think only the best thoughts. Negative thinking is a conditioned process whereby the negative patterns are established over and over. Rid yourself of any limitations and become a powerful positive thinker. 

16. Make an effort to be humorous throughout the day. Not only is it beneficial from a physical viewpoint but it diffuses tension in difficult circumstances and creates an excellent atmosphere wherever you are. It was recently reported that members of the Tauripan tribe of South America have a ritual where they awake in the middle of the night to tell each other jokes. Even tribesmen in the deepest sleep wake to enjoy the laugh and then return to their state of slumber in seconds. 

17. Become a highly disciplined time manager. There are roughly 168 hours in a week. This surely allows plenty of time for achievement of the many goals we desire to accomplish. Be ruthless with your time. Set aside a few minutes each morning to plan your day. Plan around your priorities and focus on not only those tasks which are immediate but not important (i.e., many telephone calls) but especially on those which are important but not urgent, for these allow for the greatest personal and professional development. Important but not immediate activities are those which produce long-term, sustainable benefits and include exercise, strategic planning, the development of relationships and professional education. Never let the things which matter most be placed in the backseat as compared to those that matter least. 

18. Associate only with positive, focused people who you can learn from and who will not drain your valuable energy with complaining and uninspiring attitudes. By developing relationships with those committed to constant improvement and the pursuit of the best that life has to offer, you will have plenty of company on your path to the top of whatever mountain you seek to climb. 

19. Stephen Hawking, one of the great modern physicists of the world, is reported to have said that we are on a minor planet of a very average star located within the outer limits of one of a hundred thousand million galaxies. Are your problems really significant in light of this? You walk this Earth for but a short time. Why not become devoted to having only a wonderful experience. Why not dedicate yourself to leaving a powerful legacy to the world? Sit down now and write out a list of all that you have in your life. Start first with your health or your family - the things we often take for granted. Put down the country we live in and the food we eat. Do not stop until you have written down fifty items. Once every few days, go through this list - you will be uplifted and recognize the richness of your existence. 

20. You must have a mission statement in life. This is simply a set of guiding principles which clearly state where you are going and where you want to be at the end of your life. A mission statement embodies your values. It is your personal lighthouse keeping you steadily on the course of your dreams. Over a period of one month, set a few hours aside to write down five or ten principles which will govern your life and which will keep you focused at all times. Examples might be to consistently serve others, to be a considerate citizen, to become highly wealthy or to serve as a powerful leader. Whatever the mission statement of your life, refine it and review it regularly. Then when something adverse happens or someone tries to pull you off course, you quickly and precisely return to your chosen path with the full knowledge that you are moving in the direction that you have selected. 

Secrets of Success - ep 1

1. Sleep less. This is one of the best investments you can make to make your life more productive and rewarding. Most people do not need more than 6 hours to maintain an excellent state of health. Try getting up one hour earlier for 21 days and it will develop into a powerful habit. Remember, it is the quality not the quantity of sleep that is important. And just imagine having an extra 30 hours a month to spend on the things that are important to you. 

2. Set aside one hour every morning for personal development matters. Meditate, visualize your day, read inspirational texts to set the tone of your day, listen to motivational tapes or read great literature. Take this quiet period to vitalize and energize your spirit for the productive day ahead. Watch the sun rise once a week or be with nature. Starting the day off well is a powerful strategy for self-renewal and personal effectiveness. 

3. Do not allow those things that matter the most in your life be at the mercy of activities that matter the least. Every day, take the time to ask yourself the question "is this the best use of my time and energy?" Time management is life management so guard your time with great care. 

4. Use the rubber band method to condition your mind to focus solely on the most positive elements in your life. Place a rubber band around your wrist. Each time a negative, energy sapping thought enters your mind, snap the rubber band. Through the power of conditioning, your mind will associate pain with negative thinking and you will soon possess a strongly positive mindset. 

5. Always answer the phone with enthusiasm in your voice and show your appreciation for the caller. Good phone manners are essential. To convey authority on the line, stand up. This will instill further confidence in your voice. 

6. Throughout the day we all get inspiration and excellent ideas. Keep a set of cards (the size of business cards; available at most stationary stores) in your wallet along with a pencil to jot down these insights. When you get home, put the ideas in a central place such as a coil notepad and review them from time to time. As noted by Oliver Wendell Holmes: "Man's mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions." 

7. Set aside every Sunday evening for yourself and be strongly disciplined with this habit. Use this period to plan your week, visualize your encounters and what you want to achieve, to read new materials and inspirational books, to listen to soft soothing music and to simply relax. This habit will serve as your anchor to keep you focused, motivated and effective throughout the coming week. 

8. Always remember the key principle that the quality of your life is the quality of your communication. This means the way you communicate with others and, more importantly, the way you communicate with yourself. What you focus on is what you get. If you look for the positive this is what you get. This is a fundamental law of Nature. 

9. Stay on purpose, not on outcome. In other words, do the task because it is what you love to do or because it will help someone or is a valuable exercise. Don't do it for the money or the recognition. Those will come naturally. This is the way of the world. 

10. Laugh for five minutes in the mirror each morning. Steve Martin does. Laughter activates many beneficial chemicals within the body that place us into a very joyous state. Laughter also returns the body to a state of balance. Laughter therapy has been regularly used to heal persons with varied ailments and is a wonderful tonic for life's ills. While the average 4 year old laughs 500 times a day, the average adult is lucky to laugh 15 times a day. Revitalize the habit of laughter, it will put far more living into your life. 

VYUO NA PROGRAMU ZILIVYOZUILIWA KUDAHILI WANAFUNZI WA MWAKA WA KWANZA KWA MWAKA WA MASOMO 2017/18

 Tume ya Vyuo Vikuu Tanzania (TCU) inapenda kuuarifu umma kuwa,
mwezi Septemba na Oktoba mwaka 2016 ilifanya uhakiki wa vyuo vyote
vya elimu ya juu nchini ili kuhakiki ubora wa elimu inayotolewa vyuoni.
Ripoti ya uhakiki ilionesha mapungufu kadhaa katika baadhi vyuo. Kwa
sababu hiyo, Tume imesitisha udahili wa wanafunzi wa mwaka wa
kwanza kwa mwaka wa masomo 2017/18 kwa vyuo vifuatavyo:
1. Eckenforde Tanga University
2. Jomo Kenyatta University, Arusha
3. Kenyatta University, Arusha
4. United African University of Tanzania
5. International Medical and Technological University (IMTU)
6. University of Bagamoyo
7. St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences
8. Archibishop James University College
9. Archibishop Mihayo University College
10.Cardinal Rugambwa Memorial University College
11.Kampala International University Dsm College
12.Marian University College
13.St. Johns University of Tanzania Msalato Centre
14.St. Johns University of Tanzania, Marks Centre
15.St. Joseph University College of Engineering and Technology
16.Teofilo Kisanji University
17.Teofilo Kisanji University Tabora Centre
18.Tumaini University, Mbeya Centre
19.Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMCo)
•• Aidha, kutokana na mapungufu katika vyuo mbalimbali imeamriwa
kwamba jumla ya programu 75 kutoka vyuo 22 nchini zimesitishwa
kudahili wanafunzi wa mwaka wa kwanza kwa mwaka wa masomo
2017/18.

Wazazi walezi mnakumbushwa kuwa TCU sasa hivi haipokei maombi ya kujiunga na vyuo vikuu. Hivyo basi imetoa maelekezo kuwa sasa hivi unaomba moja kwa. Moja kwenye chuo husika unachotaka.

Wazazi walezi mnakumbushwa kuwa TCU sasa hivi haipokei maombi ya kujiunga na vyuo vikuu.
Hivyo basi imetoa maelekezo kuwa sasa hivi unaomba moja kwa. Moja kwenye chuo husika unachotaka. .

Na hii ni

Orodha ya vyuo vikuu Tanzania na tovuti zake
1.    Chuo Kikuu cha Dar Es Salaam (UDSM)  …………..
https://www.udsm.ac.tz
2.    Chuo Kikuu Cha Kumbukumbu ya Mwalimu Nyerere(MNMA) https://www.mnma.ac.tz
3.    Chuo kikuu cha Dodoma (UDOM)        ……….
https://www.udom.ac.tz
4.    Chuo kikuu cha Mzumbe (MU)             …………
www.mzumbe.ac.tz
5.    Chuo Kikuu cha kilimo Cha Sokoine (SUA)    …………
www.suanet.ac.tz
6.    Chuo kikuu cha sayansi ya tiba Muhimbili (MUHAS)  …….
www.muhas.ac.tz
7.    Chuo kikuu cha Tumaini Makumira (TUMA)    ………
www.makumira.ac.tz
8.    Chuo kikuu cha Mtakatifu Agustino (SAUT)    ………
https://saut.ac.tz
9.    Chuo kikuu cha ardhi (ARU)            ……..
www.aru.ac.tz
10.    Chuo kikuu cha Mtakatifu Yohane (SJUT)    ………
www.sjut.ac.tz
11.    Chuo kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia Mbeya (MUST) ……. www.mustnet.ac.tz
12.    Chuo kikuu cha kikatoliki cha Sayansi ya Tiba – Bugando (CUHAS)….. www.bugando.ac.tz
13.    Chuo kikuu cha Zanzibari (ZU)            ……..
www.zanvarsity.ac.tz
14.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha Elimu – Mkwawa (MUCE) …….
https://www.muce.ac.tz
15.    Chuo kikuu cha ushirika Moshi (MoCU)        ………
https://www.mocu.ac.tz
16.    Chuo kikuu cha Afrika cha Nelson Mandela cha sayansi na Teknolojia  … www.nm-aist.ac.tz
17.    Chuo kikuu cha kumbukumbu ya Hebert Kairuki (HKMU) …… www.hkmu.ac.tz
18.    Chuo kikuu cha umma cha Zanzibari    (SUZA)    ……..
www.suza.ac.tz
19.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha elimu cha Dar Es Salaam (DUCE) …….    duce.ac.tz
20.    Chuo kikuu cha Mlima Meru (MMU)        …….
www.mmu.ac.tz
21.    Chuo kikuu cha Mtakatifu Yosefu Tanzania (SJUIT) ………. www.mmu.ac.tz
22.    Chuo kikuu cha kumbukumbu ya Sebastian Kolowa (SEKOMU) .. www.sekomu.ac.tz
23.    Chuo kikuu cha kimataifa cha Kampala (KIU)     ……..
https://www.kiu.ac.tz
24.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha askofu Mkuu Mihayo Tabora (UMUCTA) https://www.kiu.ac.tz
25.    Chuo kikuu cha kiislamu Morogoro (MUM)    …….
www.mum.ac.tz
26.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha kikristu cha tiba Kilimanjaro (KCMC) …    kcmuco.ac.tz
27.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha Jordan (JUCO)        ……
www.juco.ac.tz
28.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha Stella Maris Mtwara (STEMMUCO) … www.stemmuco.ac.tz
29.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha Kumbukumbu ya Stefano Moshi (SMMUCo) www.smmuco.ac.tz
30.    Chuo kikuu cha Arusha (UOA)            …….        uoa.ac.tz
31.    Chuo kikuu cha Ekerneforde Tanga (ETU)    ……
www.etu.ac.tz
32.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha Josiah Kibira (JoKUCo)    …..
www.jokuco.ac.tz
33.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha afya na tiba cha Mt. Francis (SFUCHAS) www.sfuchas.ac.tz
34.    Chuo kikuu cha Umoja wa Afrika Tanzania (UAUT) ……
www.uaut.ac.tz
35.    Chuo kikuu cha Elimu ya Biashara (CBE)        ………
https://www.cbe.ac.tz
36.    Chuo kikuu cha kikatoliki cha Mwenge (MWECAU) …….
www.mwecau.ac.tz
37.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha Tumaini Dar Es Salaam (TUDARCo) … www.tudarco.ac.tz
38.    Chuo kikuu cha Iringa (UoI)            ……….
www.uoi.ac.tz
39.    Chuo kikuu kishiriki cha Tumaini Iringa        ……..
www.elct.org/iringa.html
40.    Chuo kikuu cha Theofilo Kisanji    (TEKU)        ……..
https://www.teku.ac.tz
41.    Chuo kikuu cha uhasibu Tanzania (TIA)        ………
https://tia.ac.tz
42.    Chuo kikuu cha uongozi wa fedha (IFM)        ……..
www.ifm.ac.tz
43.    Chuo kikuu cha  Tekinolojia Dar Es Salaam (DIT)    ……..
www.dit.ac.tz
44.    Chuo kikuu cha kimataifa cha Tiba & Tekinolojia (IMTU) …… www.imtu.edu
45.    Chuo kikuu cha Usafirishaji cha Taifa (NIT)    …….
www.nit.ac.tz
46.    Chuo kikuu cha ustawi wa jamii (ISW)        ……..
www.isw.ac.tz
47.    Chuo kikuu cha kumbukumbu ya Mwl. Nyerere (MNMA) ….. www.mnma.ac.tz

HISTORIA YA MAISHA YA MWALIMU NYERERE

Hayati Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere alizaliwa mwaka 1922 , katika kijiji cha Butiama, wilaya ya Musoma, mkoa wa Mara. Alikuwa moja kati ya watoto 26 wa Nyerere Burito, chifu wa kabila la Wazanaki. Alipokuwa mtoto Nyerere alichunga mifugo ya babake; katika umri wa miaka 12, aliingia shule akitembea kilomita 30 hadi katika shule ya msingi ya Mwisenge, iliyoko Musoma Mjini.

Baada ya kumaliza shule ya msingi aliendelea kusoma shule ya wamisionari Wakatoliki iliyoko Tabora. Katika umri wa miaka 20, Nyerere alibatizwa akawa mkristo Mkatoliki hadi mwisho wa maisha yake.

kutokana na ujasiri na nia ya kuwa mwelewa wa kila kitu ya Nyerere, Mapadre wa Kanisa katoliki wakaona akili yake na nia yake nzuri ya kutaika kujifunza wakamsaidia kusoma kozi ya ualimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere, Kampala, Uganda kuanzia mwaka 1943 hadi 1945.akiwa katika Chuo cha Makerere akaanzisha tawi la Umoja wa wanafunzi Watanganyika pia akaamua kujihusisha na tawi la Tanganyika African Association (TAA).

Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya ualimu alirudi Tabora akifundisha shule ya sekondari ya Mtakatifu Maria (St.Mary´s), Mwaka 1949 alipata skolashipu ya kwenda kusoma kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburgh huko Uskoti / Uingereza akasoma Shahada ya Uzamili ya historia na uchumi, kwa hatua hiyo Mwalimu alikuwa mtanzania wa kwanza kusoma katika chuo kikuu cha Uingereza na mtanzania wa pili kupata shahada ya elimu ya juu nje ya Tanzania.

Aliporejea Tanganyika kutoka masomoni, Nyerere alifundisha Historia, Kingereza na Kiswahili katika shule ya St. Francis iliyo karibu na Dar es Salaam, (siku hizi Pugu Sekondari). Mwaka 1953 alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa chama cha Tanganyika African Association (TAA), chama ambacho alikisaidia kukijenga alipokuwa mwanafunzi katika huo kikuu cha Makerere. Mwaka 1954, alikibadilisha chama cha TAA kwenda katika chama cha Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) ambacho kilikuwa cha kisiasa zaidi kuliko TAA. Ndani ya mwaka mmoja chama cha TANU kilikuwa tayari chama cha siasa kinachoongoza Tanganyika.

Uwezo wa mwalimu uliwashitua viongozi wa kikoloni na kumlazimisha Nyerere kuchagua kati ya siasa na kazi ya ualimu. Nyerere alisikika akisema kuwa alikuwa mwalimu kwa kuchagua na mwanasiasa kwa bahati mbaya. aliamua kujiuzulu ualimu na kuzunguka nchini Tanganyika kuzungumza na watu wa kawaida na machifu ili kuleta muungano katika mapigano ya uhuru.

Pia alizungumza kwa niaba ya TANU katika Mkutano wa Baraza la udhamini (Trusteeship council) ya Umoja wa Mataifa (UN) huko New York. Uwezo wake wa kimaongezi na kuunganisha watu ulimwezesha kufanikisha Tanganyika kupata uhuru bila umwagaji wa damu. Ushirikiano mzuri aliouonyesha aliyekuwa gavana wa wakati huo Richard Turnbull, ulisaidia pia kuharakisha upatikanaji wa uhuru.

Nyerere aliingia katika bunge la kikoloni mwaka 1958 na kuchaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu mwaka 1960. Mwaka 1961 Tanganyika ilipata uhuru wake na Desemba 9,1961 Nyerere alichaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu wa Tanganyika huru na mwaka mmoja baadae Nyerere alikuwa raisi wa kwanza wa jamhuri ya Tanganyika. Nyerere alikuwa kiungo muhimu katika katika muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kutengeneza Tanzania baada ya mapinduzi ya Zanzibar mwaka 1964, yaliyomtoa madarakani sultani wa Zanzibar Jamshid bin Abdullah.

Hayati Mwalimu Nyerere mnamo Februari 5, 1977, aliongoza chama cha TANU katika tendo la kuungana na chama tawala cha Zanzibar ASP na kuanzisha chama kipya cha CCM (Chama cha Mapinduzi) akiwa mwenyekiti wake.

Nyerere aliendelea kuongoza Taifa hadi 1985 alipong,atuka na kumwachia nafasi rais wa awamu ya pili Ali Hassan Mwinyi.

Aliendelea kuongoza Chama cha CCM hadi 1990 na kuwa na makini na mfuatiliaji huku akionya katika mambo kadhaa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake.

baada ya kustaafu kazi ya ukuu wan chi, Nyerere alikaa muda mwingi kijijini kwake alikozaliwa Butiama akilima shamba lake la mahindi. Pamoja na haya alianzisha taasisi yenye jina lake inayojulikana kama “Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation, mwaka 1996 alionekana akiwa mpatanishi wa pande mbalimbali wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe huko Burundi.

Mwishoni mwa maisha yake Mwalimu aliishi kama mkulima wa kawaida kijijini kwake Butiama

Mwalimu alianza kujisikia vibaya mwezi Augost mwaka 1999, akaanza kupata matibabu ya kila mara baadaya alihamishiwa katika Hospitali ya Mtakatifu Thomas huko Uingereza.

Oktoba 14, 1999 aliaga dunia katika hospitali hiyo ambapo madaktari walisema kuwa alikuwa akisumbuliwa na kansa ya damu ( leukemia).

Mafanikio na kasoro

Kitendo kikubwa ambac ho hakisahahuliki ambacho Mwalimu alikifanya na dunia inakumbuka ni kuchanganya ardhi za Zanzibar na Tanganyika ambapo Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar ulizaliwa rasmi na hadi leo upo.

Kujenga umoja wa kitaifa na utamaduni wa Kiafrika pamoja na lugha ya Kiswahili, kushinda ubaguzi wa rangi, kutetea usalama wa taifa katika vitani dhidi Nduli Idi Amin Dada wa Uganda.

watu walimuita mwalimu kuwa ni mwanamapinduzi wa afrika, kiongoiz wa bara nzima kutokana na nia zake za kutaka kila Mwafrika kuwa huru na kuwa na amani.

Mwalimu pia alifanikiwa kutoa mchango kwa vyama vya ukombozi vya nchi za kusini ya Afrika kama; Zimbabwe {ZANU), Afrika Kusini (ANC na PAC), Namibia (SWAPO), Angola (MPLA) na Msumbiji (Frelimo)

Kutofanikiwa kwake
Kitu ambacho kilimuumiza mwalimu na kumfanya akose raha mara nyingi ni juu ya kutofanikiwa kwa nia yake ysa kuanzisha siasa za Kijamaa. Siasa zake za ujamaa zilishindwa baada ya mwaka 1976.

Baada ya kuona kuwa uchumi wa Tanzania hautaweza kusimama kwa siasa za kijamaa na kutoweza kuvumilia kuendesha nchi kwa siasa ambazo yeye hakuwa muumini, Nyerere kwa maamuzi yake mwenyewe aliamua kustaafu nafasi ya urais baada ya uchaguzi wa mwaka 1985 na kumwachia usukani kwa Mwinyi aliyetawala kwa siasa za uchumi wa soko huria.

Katika hali ya kukubali ukweli, Nyerere alitamka katika tafrija ya kumwaga juu ya siasa yake kiuchumi “Nimefeli. Tukubali hivyo.”

Alikosolewa pia

Kutokana na hali hiyo na kufikia yeye kukubali kushindwa Mwalimu Nyerere analaumiwa kwa siasa zake za kiujamaa kuwa zilichelewesha maendeleo ya kiuchumi wa Tanzania, Pamoja na kwamba hata leo kuna makundi ya watanzania kwa mtazamo wao yanazitamani siasa hizo.

Pia kuna makundi ya waislamu wanaomtuhumu kwa kuendesha kwa siri vita dhidi ya uislamu na upendeleo wa elimu na madaraka kwa wakristo.

Kutangazwa mwenye Heri

Kwa taratibu za Kanisa Katoliki, mchakato wa kumtangaza Mwalimu Nyerere kuwa mtakatifu ulianza mwaka 2005, na tayari kanisa hilo kwa kibali rasmi kutoka Roma makao ya Baba Mtakatifu, limeshamtangaza kuwa mwenyeheri.

Kuwa mwenyeheri ni hatua ya kwanza ya kuingia utakatifu. Wakristo wakatoliki wameanzisha sala maalumu na kufanya maombi kwa nia ya maombezi yake ili aweze kutangazwa kuwa mtakatifu.

Ibada ya kwanza ilifanyika katika kanisa kuu la Jimbo la Musoma, na kuongozwa na aliyekuwa askofu wa Jimbo hilo marehemu askofu Justine Samba.

Alikuwa mwanamichezo
Licha ya Kuwa mwalimu na mwanasiasa hususani kiongozi mkuu wan chi, pia Nyerere alikuwa mwanamichezo, aliazznisha mchezo wa Bao, akiwa Butiama alicheza bao nyumbgani kwake na majirani zake, wakati mwingine alipotembelewa na wafuasi wake wa kisiasa alikuwa akishiriki nao kucheza bao.

Kutokana na maisha yake aliyoyaishi ambayo yalijaa uvumilivu, unyenyekevu na uadilifu bado anakumbukwa na watanzania hasa wa hali ya chini hasa kutokana na sera zake za kujali utu na ubinadamu.

Ni mmoja wa viongozi wachache wanaokumbukwa kwa kutojilimbikizia mali pamoja na kutawala kwa miaka zaidi ya 24.

Taifa linamkumbuka kwa hayo na mengi ambayo aliyafanya, ameacha machapisho mengi ambayo pia yamekuwa hazina ya maarifa kwa watanzania.

Biography of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

Introduction

Rolihlahla Mandela was born into the Madiba clan in the village of Mvezo , Transkei, on 18 July 1918. His mother was Nonqaphi Nosekeni and his father was Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela, principal counsellor to the Acting King of the Thembu people, Jongintaba Dalindyebo. In 1930, when he was 12 years old, his father died and the young Rolihlahla became a ward of Jongintaba at the Great Place in Mqhekezweni.

Hearing the elders’ stories of his ancestors’ valour during the wars of resistance, he dreamed also of making his own contribution to the freedom struggle of his people.

The narrated life and times of Nelson Mandela

He attended primary school in Qunu where his teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave him the name Nelson, in accordance with the custom of giving all schoolchildren “Christian” names.

He completed his Junior Certificate at Clarkebury Boarding Institute and went on to Healdtown, a Wesleyan secondary school of some repute, where he matriculated.

Mandela began his studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University College of Fort Hare but did not complete the degree there as he was expelled for joining in a student protest.

On his return to the Great Place at Mqhekezweni the King was furious and said if he didn’t return to Fort Hare he would arrange wives for him and his cousin Justice. They ran away to Johannesburg instead, arriving there in 1941. There he worked as a mine security officer and after meeting Walter Sisulu, an estate agent, he was introduced to Lazer Sidelsky. He then did his articles through a firm of attorneys – Witkin, Eidelman and Sidelsky.

He completed his BA through the University of South Africa and went back to Fort Hare for his graduation in 1943.

Meanwhile, he began studying for an LLB at the University of the Witwatersrand. By his own admission he was a poor student and left the university in 1952 without graduating. He only started studying again through the University of London after his imprisonment in 1962 but also did not complete that degree.

In 1989, while in the last months of his imprisonment, he obtained an LLB through the University of South Africa. He graduated in absentia at a ceremony in Cape Town.

Entering politics

Mandela, while increasingly politically involved from 1942, only joined the African National Congress in 1944 when he helped to form the ANC Youth League (ANCYL).

In 1944 he married Walter Sisulu’s cousin, Evelyn Mase, a nurse. They had two sons, Madiba Thembekile "Thembi" and Makgatho, and two daughters both called Makaziwe, the first of whom died in infancy. He and his wife divorced in 1958.

Mandela rose through the ranks of the ANCYL and through its efforts, the ANC adopted a more radical mass-based policy, the Programme of Action, in 1949.

In 1952 he was chosen as the National Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign with Maulvi Cachalia as his deputy. This campaign of civil disobedience against six unjust laws was a joint programme between the ANC and the South African Indian Congress. He and 19 others were charged under the Suppression of Communism Act for their part in the campaign and sentenced to nine months of hard labour, suspended for two years.

A two-year diploma in law on top of his BA allowed Mandela to practise law, and in August 1952 he and Oliver Tambo established South Africa’s first black law firm, Mandela & Tambo.

At the end of 1952 he was banned for the first time. As a restricted person he was only permitted to watch in secret as the Freedom Charter was adopted in Kliptown on 26 June 1955.
The Treason Trial

Mandela was arrested in a countrywide police swoop on 5 December 1955, which led to the 1956 Treason Trial. Men and women of all races found themselves in the dock in the marathon trial that only ended when the last 28 accused, including Mandela, were acquitted on 29 March 1961.

On 21 March 1960 police killed 69 unarmed people in a protest in Sharpeville against the pass laws. This led to the country’s first state of emergency and the banning of the ANC and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) on 8 April. Mandela and his colleagues in the Treason Trial were among thousands detained during the state of emergency.

During the trial Mandela married a social worker, Winnie Madikizela, on 14 June 1958. They had two daughters, Zenani and Zindziswa. The couple divorced in 1996.

Days before the end of the Treason Trial, Mandela travelled to Pietermaritzburg to speak at the All-in Africa Conference, which resolved that he should write to Prime Minister Verwoerd requesting a national convention on a non-racial constitution, and to warn that should he not agree there would be a national strike against South Africa becoming a republic. After he and his colleagues were acquitted in the Treason Trial, Mandela went underground and began planning a national strike for 29, 30 and 31 March.

In the face of massive mobilisation of state security the strike was called off early. In June 1961 he was asked to lead the armed struggle and helped to establish Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear of the Nation), which launched on 16 December 1961 with a series of explosions.

On 11 January 1962, using the adopted name David Motsamayi, Mandela secretly left South Africa. He travelled around Africa and visited England to gain support for the armed struggle. He received military training in Morocco and Ethiopia and returned to South Africa in July 1962. He was arrested in a police roadblock outside Howick on 5 August while returning from KwaZulu-Natal, where he had briefed ANC President Chief Albert Luthuli about his trip.

He was charged with leaving the country without a permit and inciting workers to strike. He was convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment, which he began serving at the Pretoria Local Prison. On 27 May 1963 he was transferred to Robben Island and returned to Pretoria on 12 June. Within a month police raided Liliesleaf, a secret hide-out in Rivonia used by ANC and Communist Party activists, and several of his comrades were arrested.

On 9 October 1963 Mandela joined 10 others on trial for sabotage in what became known as the Rivonia Trial. While facing the death penalty his words to the court at the end of his famous "Speech from the Dock" on 20 April 1964 became immortalised:

Speech from the Dock quote by Nelson Mandela on 20 April 1964
“I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

On 11 June 1964 Mandela and seven other accused, Walter Sisulu, Ahmed Kathrada, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Denis Goldberg, Elias Motsoaledi and Andrew Mlangeni, were convicted and the next day were sentenced to life imprisonment. Goldberg was sent to Pretoria Prison because he was white, while the others went to Robben Island.

466/64
One of Mandela's prisoner numbers.

Mandela’s mother died in 1968 and his eldest son, Thembi, in 1969. He was not allowed to attend their funerals.

On 31 March 1982 Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town with Sisulu, Mhlaba and Mlangeni. Kathrada joined them in October. When he returned to the prison in November 1985 after prostate surgery, Mandela was held alone. Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee visited him in hospital. Later Mandela initiated talks about an ultimate meeting between the apartheid government and the ANC.

On 12 August 1988 he was taken to hospital where he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. After more than three months in two hospitals he was transferred on 7 December 1988 to a house at Victor Verster Prison near Paarl where he spent his last 14 months of imprisonment. He was released from its gates on Sunday 11 February 1990, nine days after the unbanning of the ANC and the PAC and nearly four months after the release of his remaining Rivonia comrades. Throughout his imprisonment he had rejected at least three conditional offers of release.

Mandela immersed himself in official talks to end white minority rule and in 1991 was elected ANC President to replace his ailing friend, Oliver Tambo. In 1993 he and President FW de Klerk jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize and on 27 April 1994 he voted for the first time in his life.
President

On 10 May 1994 he was inaugurated as South Africa’s first democratically elected President. On his 80th birthday in 1998 he married Graça Machel, his third wife.

True to his promise, Mandela stepped down in 1999 after one term as President. He continued to work with the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund he set up in 1995 and established the Nelson Mandela Foundation and The Mandela Rhodes Foundation.

"It is in your hands" – Mandela Day quote

In April 2007 his grandson, Mandla Mandela, was installed as head of the Mvezo Traditional Council at a ceremony at the Mvezo Great Place.

Nelson Mandela never wavered in his devotion to democracy, equality and learning. Despite terrible provocation, he never answered racism with racism. His life is an inspiration to all who are oppressed and deprived; and to all who are opposed to oppression and deprivation.

He died at his home in Johannesburg on 5 December 2013.

Namna ya kumsahau mpenzi wako wa kwanza

    Kuachana na wapenzi wa kwanza huumiza, wakati mwingine vigumu kupona vidonda vyake wengi huyumba sana kimahusiano wanapopata wapenzi wapya. Hizi ni baadhi ya hatua za kuchukua ili umsahau mpenzi wako wa kwanza, usonga mbele;
    1. Kata mawasiliano, hakikisha hakuna mawasiliano ya aina yoyote iwe ni simu, fb, au outings na ex wako
    2. Kumbuka ulichokichukia sana kwa ex wako, yote mabaya au mapungufu yake yatakufanya uone umetua mzigo mzito katika maisha yako.
    3. Amini kuwa kila kitu hutokea kwa mpango wa Mungu na kuwa atakuwa amekupangia kizuri zaidi ya ulichokipoteza
    4. Uwe wazi, zungumza na marafiki na ndugu kupunguza msongo
    5. Punguza au acha kabisa kutumia zawadi zake; nguo, saa au vitu vinavyoweza amsha kumbukumbu yake.
    Omba sana Mungu ukijua kila kitu kitapita isipokuwa yeye aliye juu ya vyote, atakupa aliyekupangia.

Mmegombana Na Mpenzi Wako? Hizi Hatua 5 Za Kuzungumza Naye

HATUA 5 ZA KUZUNGUMZA NAMPENZI WAKO ALIEKASIRIKA
***

Kwenye mapenzi kuna nyakatiza kutofautiana, kukasirishana. Katika hali ya kawaida kipindi hiki huwa ni cha hatari kwasababu husababisha nyufa kubwa za uhusiano na kulifanya penzi kukosa ladha. Sote tunajua, watu hupigana, huachana, hujeruhiana, hutukanana, hudhalilishana wakiwa na hasira. Hata hivyo si wote wanaojua wafanyenini wanapojikuta wameingia kwenye hatua hiyo mbaya. Msomaji wangu, hebu jaribu kukumbuka ugomvi mmoja uliotokea kati yako na mpenzi wako na ikiwezekana jikumbushe mlivyoanza! Utabaini kuwa mlianza kama utani na mkajikuta mmefurikwa hasira, mkatwangana makonde, mkatamkiana maneno makali ya kuudhi napengine mkaamua kuachana. Yote hii ni kwa sababu mlikosa elimu ya mazungumzo. Ingekuwa mmoja wenu hasayule aliyekuwa wa pili kukasirika anafahamu hatua zakuzungumza na mtu aliyekasirika angechukua jukumu la kutuliza machafukona kuleta amani kwenye mapenzi. Tazama hatua tano za kuzungumza na mpenzi aliyekasirika.

MPUNGUZE MHEMKO.

Hasira hujaza kifua, huathiri mzunguko wa damu na ufahamu. Mtu aliyekasirika huwa vigumu kwake kusikiliza au kutazama mambo kwa jicho la tatu. Mwenye hasira huwa hafikirii matokea yajayo badala yake hutazama zaidi tukio na jinsi ya kupata ushindi iwe kwa maneno au kwa mapambano. Katika hali ya namna hiyo, mtumwingine akija na busara zakutaka kumgeuza haraka haraka hawezi kumuelewa.

Muhimu hapo ni kuacha kumwadama, kujibizana naye, kumshawishi asikilize badala yake mpe nafasi ya kusema atakavyo, abwate ajuavyo huku wewe ukimuitikia nakumkubalia lawama zake. “Basimpenzi mwenye makosa ni mimi.” Kauli za aina hii zitampunguza hasira kwaniatajiona mshindi.

MSOME SAIKOLOJIA YAKE.

Kwa kuwa unamfahamu mpenzi wako kwa kina itakuwa rahisi kwako kumtambua kuwa amepunguza hasira na kurudi katika hali yake ya kawaida. Ukishafahamu hilo chukua jukumu lakumsoma kisaikojia ili kujuakama yuko kwenye hali nzuri ya kusikiliza yale uliyotaka kumwambia wakati alipokuwa na hasira.

Zoezi hili linaweza kuchukuasaa kadhaa na wakatimwingine hata siku mbili. Lengo ni nini? Ni kupata matokeo sahihi ya kuondoa chuki za mwenza wako na kumfundisha madhara yaku kasirika kwenye uhusiano wenu wa kimapenzi. “Jua nakupenda sana, lakini juzi uliniumiza, uliniambia mimi malaya kwa kosa ambalo sikufanya?” Bila shaka muda huo atakusikiliza zaidi kuliko ungebishana naye alipokuwa na hasira.

MRUHUSU AKUJIBU.

Pamoja na kumsoma kisaikojia na kumwambia kinagaubaga makosa yake, usimzuie kujitetea, mpe nafasi ya kuzungumzia kilichomkasirisha. “Unaona bado unanitukana, sasa naamini siku ile ulikuwaumedhamilia.” Usiseme hivyo, mwache ajibu hoja hata kama atakuwa anakukandamiza na kuzidi kujijengea ushindi. Mvumilie aoshe ubongo wake.

EPUKA MARUMBANO.

Kama nilivyosema hapo juu, wapenzi wengine huwa wagumu kuelewa, ni watu wa kuficha udhaifu wao na kutopenda kuonekana wamekosea. Watu wa namna hii unapowarejeshea mazungumzo wanaweza kujikuta wanahamaki tena. “Kwa hiyo ulikuwa unasemaje… nilifanya ndiyo,… wewe unaamuaje?” Mkifika kwenye alama hiyo usikubali kurumabana naye mwacheaseme halafu wewe ingia kwenye hatua ya tano.

MUOMBE MSAMAHA.

Hata kama atakuwa yeye ndiye mwenye makosa na amekataa kukiri, usijali, chukua jukumu la kumuomba msamaha na kueleza tena nia yako ya kuwa mazungumzo ilikuwa nikuelewana si kugombana. Kumbuka hata kama amekirikosa, bado unatakiwa kumuomba radhi kwa kurejea yaliyopita. "Mpenzii inawezekana nikawa nimekuudhi kwa niliyosema, nakuomba sana tusameheane".

Bilashaka kwa haya machache msomaji wangu utakuwa umejifunza nakuchukua hatua za kuzuia migogoro mikubwa inayotokana na hasira za mpenzi wako.

Rais Magufuli: Watanzania Wameteseka Vya Kutosha......Fanyeni kazi usiku na mchana kukamilisha hii barabara

Rais Magufuli ameitaka kampuni ya Nyanza inayoshughulikia ujenzi wa barabara ya mkoani Kigoma kuanza kufanya kazi usiku na mchana kwa kuwa wapo baadhi ya wananchi hawajahi kuona lami maisha yao yote mpaka wanakufa.

Rais Magufuli ametoa kauli hiyo leo wakati akihutubia wakazi wa Kakonko mkoani Kigoma katika uzinduzi wa ujenzi wa barabara ya Kibondo mpaka Nyakanazi yenye urefu wa kilomita 50 kwa kiwango cha lami.

"Wananchi hawa wanahitaji barabara ya lami wameteseka tangu dunia iumbwe, wako watu hawajui rangi ya lami, wapo watu hapa wamezaliwa, wamezeeka hawajui rangi ya lami ikoje. Kwa sababu hawajawahi kuona barabara ya lami katika maisha yao, kwa hiyo nataka hii lami ianze na mjipange kweli mfanye kazi usiku na mchana", amesema Rais Magufuli.

Pamoja na hayo Rais Magufuli amewaagiza makandarasi kufanya kazi ipasavyo na wasipofanya hivyo watachukuliwa adhabu kali zidi yao.

"Kwa bahati nzuri mimi kufukuza makandarasi ni kama kunywa chai, sasa asije akanirudisha kule nilipokuwa kwa sababu sasa ni Baba wa wote lakini nilipokuwa Waziri nilikuwa nafukuza tu, kwa kupitia bodi ya makandarasi nilikuwa nafuta wakandarasi na mimi nikuombe Prof. Mbalawa usiwe mpole. Makandarasi watakao kuwa wanafanya kazi hovyo hovyo, pole pole chukua 'action' ili kusudi kama kashindwa kufanya kazi ya ukandarasi akafanye nyingine hata ya kuvua samaki", amesisitiza Rais Magufuli.

Kwa upande mwingine, Rais Magufuli amewataka wananchi kibondo na kasuru wa mkoa wa Kigoma na watanzania wote kwa ujumla kudumisha ulinzi na usalama katika maeneo yao wanayoishi ili kupunguza au kumaliza kabisa matatizo ya kihalifu yanayotokea.

Upinzani wapoteza kesi nyengine ya uchaguzi Kenya

Muungano wa upinzani nchini Kenya NASA umepoteza kesi nyengine dhidi ya tume ya uchaguzi nchini humo IEBC.

Muungano huo unaoongozwa na kiongozi wa upinzani na mgombea wa urais Raila Odinga ulipoteza ombi ulilowasilisha mahakamani ukitaka uchaguzi kusitishwa katika kaunti zilizoathirika ama wadi iwapo mfumo wa kielektroniki wa kupiga kura utafeli.

Katika ombi hilo, Nasa ilihoji kwamba tume ya IEBC ilifeli kuweka mfumo mahsusi kama inavyohitajika kisheria.

Upinzani ulitegemea kifungu cha 55 cha sheria ya uchaguzi ambacho kinaikubali IEBC kuahirisha uchaguzi hadi pale mfumo mahsusi wa kupigia kura utakapowekwa.

Lakini Jaji Kanyi Kimondo, Hedwig Ong'udi na Alfred Mabeya waliipinga kesi yao wakisema IEBC imeweka mikakati ya kukabiliana na tatizo la kufeli kwa mfumo huo wa upigaji kura.

Walikubaliana na IEBC kwamba tume hiyo imeweka mikakati ya kukabiliana na utambulizi wa wapiga kura na urushaji moja kwa moja wa matokeo iwapo mfumo huo utafeli.

Kulingana na majaji hao Nasa ilishindwa kuelezea kesi yao na kuongezea kwamba ombi hilo pia linaweza kuliweka taifa hilo katika hali ya switofahamu

Taifa la Tanzania latajwa kuwa eneo bora la Safari Afrika

Taifa la Tanzania limetajwa kuwa kivutio kizuri cha safari za watalii barani Afrika kulingana na mtandao wa SafaricBookings.com ambao ndio mtandao mkubwa wa ukuzaji wa safari za Afrika.

Mtandao huo ulifanya tathmini ya zaidi ya wataalam 2500 na wale walioshiriki katika safari hizo kabla ya kutangaza kuwa Tanzania ndio eneo bora la safari mwaka 2017.

Tathmini hizo ziliandikwa na watalii walioenda safari pamoja na wataalam bingwa wa Afrika.

Mtandao huo unasema kuwa uchanganuzi huo pia ulibaini kwamba Tanzania ilipata umaarufu wake kutokana na idadi ya wanyama mbali mbali.

Watu maarufu katika miezi ya hivi karibuni wamekuwa wakizuru taifa hilo wakitembelea maeneo tofauti ya vivutio vya utalii nchini Tanzania.

Watu hao ni mwanamuziki maarufu Usher Raymond, aliyekuwa mchezaji wa klabu ya Manchester United na Real Madrid David Beckham, aliyekuwa mchezaji wa Liverpool Mamadou Sakho , mchezaji wa Everton Morgan Schneiderlin na nyota wa filamu kutoka Marekani Will Smith na Harrison Ford.

Walitembelea mbuga za Serengeti na mlima kilimanjaro.

Mtandao huo uliitaja Zambia kuwa taifa lenye kivutio kizuri cha misitu huku wataalam wote wakikubaliana kwamba mazingira ya misitu nchini humo mi mazuri zaidi.

Vilevile Zambia pia ilitajwa kuwa taifa lenye maisha bora ya ndege.

Namibia na Kenya zilitajwa kuwa bora katika mandhari mazuri pamoja na ndege waliopo mtawalia.

Wakili wa Tundu Lissu Aelea Kilichomfanya Anyimwe Dhamana

Wakili wa Tundu Lissu, Fatma Karume amesema polisi walikataa kumpa dhamana mteja wake jana jioni mara baada ya kukamatwa akiwa Uwanja wa Ndege wa Mwalimu Nyerere.

Karume amesema baada ya kufikishwa polisi, Lissu alitakiwa kuandika maelezo na kupewa onyo kwa kosa la uchochezi.

“Lakini cha ajabu mpaka sasa hivi hatujaambiwa Lissu kamchochea nani, kosa la uchochezi lazima lilete madhara au uhalifu kwa wengine na ni lazima liwe la uhalifu.” Amesema

Amesema hata walipouliza nani anayeweza kuruhusu mteja wake apate dhamana hiyo waliambiwa imezuiwa kwa amri kutoka juu.

Lissu ambaye ni Rais wa Chama cha Wanasheria wa Tanganyika, (TLS) alikuwa akielekea Kigali, Rwanda, katika mkutano wa wanasheria wa Afrika.

Karume amesema uchochezi lazima liwe ni jambo la uhalifu na mpaka sasa polisi hawajamwambia Lissu aina hiyo ya uchochezi.

“Hili ni jambo la kisiasa, Lissu amezuiwa kwenda kwenye mkutano wa wanasheria wa Afrika, jambo hilo linawafanya hata wanasheria wote wa Afrika kujua mwenzao kakamatwa na Serikali,” amesema.

Kwa mujibu wa Karume, Lissu amewapa ujumbe Watanzania akisema Aluta Continua, na kuwa yupo sawa.

NENO LA WAZIRI MKUU KWA WAKUU WA WILAYA NA WAKURUGENZI KWA UJUMLA

WAZIRI MKUU Kassim Majaliwa amewataka Wakuu wa Wilaya na Wakurugenzi wa Halmashauri zote nchini kusimamia biashara ya mazao mbalimbali katika maeneo yao ili wakulima waweze kupata tija.

Pia amesema Bodi ya Mazao Mchanganyiko inazunguka nchi nzima kupata taarifa za bei ya mazao hayo ili kujirisha iwapo wanunuzi wa mazao mchanganyiko ya wakulima kama wananunua kwa bei inayostahili.

Alitoa agizo hayo jana (Alhamisi, Julai 20, 2017) wakati akizungumza na wananchi wa kijiji cha Ilasilo kilichoko katika mpaka wa mkoa wa Mbeya na Songwe alipokuwa njiani kuelekea wilayani Songwe kwa ajili ya ziara ya kikazi.

Alisema kwa sasa bodi hiyo inazunguna nchini kote kutafuta taarifa za bei za mazao ili kubaini bei zinazotumiwa na wanunuzi wa mazao hayo kama zinastahili baada ya kupokea malalamiko kutoka kwa wakulima wa eneo hilo.

“Wakulima msikubali kuuza mazao ovyo, wekeni na akiba ya chakula. Pia  Bodi ya Mazao Mchanganyiko itakuja hapa kwa kuwa sasa inapita sehemu mbalimbali kupata taarifa za bei za mazao pamoja na kuwatafutia masoko yenye tija.”

Pia Waziri Mkuu aliwaagiza watu wote wanaohusika na suala la usambazaji wa pembejeo kuhakikisha wanazifikisha kwa wakulima katika kipindi kisichopungua muda wa miezi miwili kabla ya kuanza kwa msimu ili kuwaondolea changamoto ya uchelewashwaji wa huduma hiyo

Kwa upande wake Mkuu wa Mkoa wa Songwe, Bi. Chiku Gallawa alitaja changamoto mbalimbali zinazoikabili sekta ya kilimo ni kutokuwepo kwa soko la uhakika la mazao pamoja na uingizwaji wa pembejeo zisizofaa katika mkoa.

Alisema tayari mkoa umechukua hatua mbalimbali za kukabiliana na changamoto hizo kwa kuhimiza matumizi ya teknolojia ya kisasa kama matumizi ya mbegu bora zinazostahimili hali ya hewa iliyopo na zinazokomaa kwa muda mfupi.

Pia wataalamu wa kilimo walichunguza pembejeo zinazotumika katika mkoa huo ambapo walibaini asilimia 60 ya viuatilifu na asilimia 20 hadi 30 ya mbegu zinazouzwa madukani na kutumiwa na wakulima katika wilaya za Momba na Mbozi ni bandia.

Alisema matokeo ya kutumia pembejeo hizo yalisababisha mavuno ya mahidi kupungua kutoka magunia 25 hadi magunia manane kwenye ekari moja katika msimu wa kilimo wa mwaka 2012/2013.

Mkuu huyo wa Mkoa alitaja mikakati waliyojiwekea katika kukabiliana na changamoto hiyo kuwa ni kufanya ukaguzi kwenye maduka yote yanayouza pembejea pamoja na kutoa elimu ya kutambua pembejeo zisizifaa ili watoe taarifa mapema na wahusika wachukuliwe hatua.

SIKU MOJA KABLA YA UDAHILI WA VYUO VIKUU...... TCU YATOA ONYO

Tume ya Vyuo Vikuu Tanzania ( TCU) umeutangazia Umma kuwa kuanzia Julai 22 mwaka huu vyuo vyote vya elimu ya juu hapa nchini vitaanza kupokea maombi ya udahili kwa mwaka wa masomo  2017/2018.

Kaimu Katibu Mtendaji wa Tume hiyo Prof. Eleuther Mwageni ameyasema hayo jana, Jijini Dar es Salaam alipokuwa akiongea na waandishi wa habari juu ya kuanza rasmi udahili kwa mwaka 2017/2018.

Prof. Mwageni alisema kuwa waombaji wanatakiwa kutuma maombi yao  kwenye vyuo husika na siyo tena TCU kama ilivyokuwa kwa mwaka jana na miaka mingine ya nyuma.

Aidha alisema kuwa waombaji wahakikishe wanaomba programu za masomo ambazo zimeidhinishwa na kutambuliwa na TCU na Baraza la Taifa la Elimu ya Ufundi (NACTE).

“Tunavikumbusha vyuo kutangaza programu ambazo zimeidhinishwa na kutambuliwa na TCU na NACTE, ikiwa chuo kitatangaza programu ambazo  hazitambuliki na Tume, basi chuo husika kitachukuliwa hatua,” alisema Prof. Mwageni.

Aliendelea kwa kusema kuwa, orodha ya programu hizo inapatikana katika tovuti ya TCU ( www.tcu.go.tz) ambapo programu hizo zimegawanywa katika makundi mawili yaani Kidato cha Sita na Diploma.

Vile vile, Prof. Mwageni aliwataka waombaji watakao chaguliwa kwa zaidi ya chuo kimoja, kuthibitisha kwa wakati chuo watakachokwenda ili kutoa nafasi kwa waombaji wengine.

Waombaji wamehimizwa kusoma kwa makini mwongozo wa udahili kwa mwaka 2017/18 ambao unapatikana kwenye tovuti ya Tume. 

Aidha Tume inawakaribisha wadau wote kushiriki maonesho ya Elimu ya Juu, Sayansi na Teknolojia yatakayofanyika viwanja vya Mnazi Mmoja, Jijini Dar es Salaam kuanzia Jula 26 hadi 29 mwaka huu ambapo zaidi ya vyuo 80 vinatarajiwa kuwepo katika maonesho hayo.

TAHADHARI::Maneno Mabaya 10 ya Kutosema Kwa Mwenza Wako

Mojawapo ya nguzo kuu kabisa ya mahusiano mazuri ni mawasiliano. Mawasiliano mazuri yanahusisha vitu viwili vikubwa, kuwa na ujumbe wa kusema na namna ya kusema ujumbe wako.

Maneno ni kitu hatari sana katika mahusiano yakitumiwa vibaya na yakitumika vizuri ni nguzo kubwa ya mahusiano mazuri na yenye furaha.

Hivyo unatakiwa kupangilia maneno yako unapoongea na mwenza wako ili kupata athari chanya. Ifahamike kuwa maneno mabaya yakisha semwa hayarudi mdomoni na madhara yake yatabaki siku zote hata kama mwenza wako atasema kuwa amesamehe au kusahau.

Maneno yafuatayo ni hatari kwa kuwa yanaleta madhara makubwa moyoni mwa mlengwa na ni vyema kuzuia kuyatamka kwa namna yoyote ile.

Maneno 10 Mabaya Ambayo Hutakiwi Kusema Kwa Mwenza Wako:

    Maneno ya Matusi

Maneno kama “mjinga” au “mpumbavu” yasitumike kwa mwenza wako hata kama yana ukweli ndani yake. Japo ujinga ni kutofahamu kitu fulani lakini neno hili linaleta majeraha kama likitoka kwa mwenza. Hasa kama linatoka wakati wa ugomvi au kutofautiana.

Useseme maneno mabaya yanayomshusha mweza wako mfano kuhusu mwonekano mbaya wa mwenza wako kama “sura mbaya”,”Mnene kama nguruwe” n.k

    “Nakuchukia”

Chuki ni kitu kikubwa sana,kwa kweli huwezi kuishi na mtu ambaye unamchukia. Hutakiwi kumtamkia mwenza wako neno hili. Unaweza kuchukia tabia yake lakini si yeye mwenyewe. Njia nzuri ni kusema kuwa “Nachukia au sipendi tabia yako ya kuchelewa kurudi nyumbani” au maneno yanayofanana na hayo.

    “Ameiga Tabia Zako”

Wazazi wanatabia ya kurusha lawama kwa wenza wao pale watoto wanapokuwa na tabia mbaya. Utasikia mzazi mmoja akisema kwa mtoto “Tabia za mama yako hizi” au “Tabia za baba yako” pale mtoto anapoonesha tabia mbaya. Maneno haya hayafai kutumika katika familia kwakuwa yanashambulia nafsi ya mwenza wako.

    Kumfananisha Tabia Mbaya za Mwenza na Wazazi Wake

“Tabia zako kama mama yako”, au “..kama baba yako” maneno yanayomfananisha mwenza wako na wazazi au familia anakotoka yanachokoza sana na huweka vidonga kwa muda mrefu moyoni na yaepukwe.

    “Acha!Nitafanya Mwenyewe”

Katika mahusiano kusaidiana ni jambo la kawaida na muhimu,maneno mabaya ya namna hii yanamvunja moyo mweza wako kutaka kufanya jambo kwako siku nyingine na linaleta utengano na kuvunjika kwa upendo.

    Maneno Mabaya ya Kukatisha Tamaa

“Hutaweza” ,”Hutafanikiwa” n.k yanavunja moyo kwa mwenza wako na kurudisha nyuma maendeleo.

Ni muhimu kwa wenza kupeana moyo na kusaidiana ili wote muende mbele kwa pamoja. Umoja ni nguvu.

    “Mtoto wangu”

Itambulike kuwa hakuna mtoto wa mtu mmoja,wenza wote wawili wana haki na wajibu sawa juu ya mtoto wao. Najua mila na desturi zimetufundisha tofauti juu ya haki juu ya mtoto kwa wazazi wawili lakini ukweli ni kuwa wazazi wote wana nafasi na haki sawa kwa mtoto wao.

    “Haya yote ni makosa yako”

Lawama hazijengi bali zinabomoa. Lawama zinavunja moyo kwa mwenza wako. Pale panapotokea shida au matatizo kati yenu ni vyema kuyachukua kama yenu wote na mtafute suluhisho kwa pamoja.

    Kutolea Mifano Mahusiano ya Zamani

Usithubuthu kumfananisha mwenza wako na mpenzi wa zamani hata kama wazamani alikuwa bora zaidi kwa vigezo vyako. Mfano “John alikuwa ananitoa sana,lakini wewe hufanyi hivyo” au “John alikuwa anapenda sana chakula hiki”

    Maneno juu ya Kuachana

Usitumia maneno yanayoashiria nia ya kuachana,yanaondoa imani juu ya masiha ya mahusiano yenu.

Mfano “Kwa mtindo huu mimi nafikiri hatutafika mbali”

Mwenza wako ataanza kujiandaa kuachana na hatajiachia kwa asilimia zote kwa mapenzi na mipango ya pamoja. Maneno haya yanajenga utengano taratibu ndani ya moyo wako na wa mwenza wako.
Mwisho

Kama nilivyosema mwanzoni,mawasiliano ni nguzo ya mahusiano mazuri kati ya weza wawili. Ni kitu ambacho kila mmoja anatakiwa kujifunza na kukitilia maanani hasa kwa kujua mahusiano ya mke na mume yana changamoto kubwa kutokana na utofauti wa kihisia na kitafakuri kati ya mke na mume.

Mwanamke na mwanaume wanaonekana kama viumbe tofauti toka sayari tofauti kutokana na namna zao tofauti za kuwasiliana na kuelewa ujumbe toka kwa mwingine.

Busara za kuchambua nini cha kusema na kipi kuacha kutasaidia sana kuboresha mahusiano na mwenza wako

Nini changamoto zako na mwenza wako katika mawasiliano? Maneno mabaya yapi ambayo yanakukera kuambiwa na mweza wako na unafikiri si vyema kuyatumika kwa weza ukiacha haya? Tafadhari shiriki kujadili kwa kuandika katika kisanduku hapa chini.

THINK AND JUST DECIDE

BAADHI YA VYANZO VYA MIGOGORO KATIKA MAHUSIANO YA KIMAPENZI

Ugomvi baina ya wapenzi katika mahusiano ni kitu cha kawaida kutokana na watu hao wawili kutoka katika malezi na mazingira tofauti ya ukuaji toka wakiwa wadogo hadi watu wazima.

Wawili hao wanapoaanza kujenga mahusiano na kukaa pamoja kama familia,kuna vitu kadhaa ambavyo kila mmoja wao huvitazama tofauti na hivyo kuleta migongano. Migongano ambayo inaweza ikarekebishika kama wenza hao watamua kuifanyia kazi na kuelewana.

Kuna vitu vingi ambavyo husababisha ugomvi na migongano ndani ya mahusiano ya mke na mme na hapa tunaeleza sababu kuu ambazo kwa kawaida hutokea karibu katika kila mahususiano

1. Wivu na Kukosa Kujiamini

Wivu unatokana na jinsi ambavyo mpenzi mmoja anavyohusiana na watu wengine wa jinsia tofauti. Inaweza ikawa marafiki,wafanyakazi wenza au wapenzi wa zamani. Vyovyote vile itakavyokuwa ni kwamba wivu unasababisha ugomvi katika mahusiano mengi.

Kunatakiwa kuweka mipaka ya kutosha na iliyo wazi ili kujenga uaminifu kwa mpenzi wako na kumpa kujiamini. Mpenzi ambaye hajiamini ni tatizo kubwa kwani uwezekano wa kuanzisha ugomvi ni mkubwa.Hivyo ni vizuri ukamjengea mweza wako katika mapenzi kujiamini kwa kuwa mwaminifu.

Uaminifu ni kitu kimoja kikubwa sana katika mapenzi. Kama mwenza wako akikuamini hakutakuwa na wivu wa kupita kiasi na pia atakuwa anajiamini kuwa yeye peke yake ndio chaguo lako na hakuna mwingine.

2. Mawasiliano Finyu

Mawasiliano yanapovunjika katika mahusiano ugomvi ni kitu cha kawaida kutokea.

Mawasiliano ya kawaida kati ya wapenzi husaidia sana kutoa wasiwasi wa nyendo za mwenza wako. Huleta amani na kujenga uaminifu kwa mpenzi kwako.

Kuzungumza juu ya mipango yako ya mendeleo kama ujenzi au biashara ni vitu ambavyo ni muhimu sana kuvifanya vinginevyo utajenga wasiwasi kwa mweza wako na itasababisha ugomvi wa mara kwa mara.

Kuwa muwazi kwa mipango ya maendeleo binafsi,ya familia yako na ndugu.

Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa wapenzi wanaoongea na kusikilizana mara kwa mara hawagombani mara nyingi kama wale wasio na mawasiliano ya kutosha.

3. Masuala ya Fedha

Japokuwa fedha si msingi wa mapenzi,lakini ni kitu ambacho kinahitajika sana katika maisha ya kila siku ya kila mtu na ya familia. Na kimekuwa ni mojawapo ya vitu ambavyo wapenzi katika mahusiano au ndoa hugombana sana juu yake.

Mwenza mmoja anapokuwa mtumiaji mbaya wa fedha na mwingine siyo,huibua malalamiko na ugomvi. Baadhi ya wapenzi hasa wanawake hawataki kuchangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika mahitaji ya msingi ya nyumbani na badala yake kuwaachia mzigo mkubwa wanaume.

Hili linaibua malalamiko mengi kwa baadhi ya wanaume,na wakati ungine toka kwa wanawake. Matumizi makubwa ya fedha kwaajili ya pombe na sharehe nyingine kwa wanaume na baadhi ya wanawake kumekuwa mojawapo ya sababu za ugomvi juu ya fedha katika mahusiano.

Ni muhimu kwa wenza wawili kupanga jinsi ambavyo fedha zao zitapatikana na kutumika. Vipaumbele vya kufanyika kwanza na kiasi cha kutumika kwajili ya starehe na urembo kwa wanawake kwa mfano.

4. Masuala ya Familia

Familia ya nani ianze kwanza na ipi ifuate ni tatizo kubwa katika mahusiano. Upendeleo wa upande mmoja ambao kwa asili huwa unatokea tu ni chanzo cha ugomvi ndani ya nyumba.

Mitazamo tofauti kati ya mmojawapo katika wapenzi na familia ya mwenza wake husababisha kutoelewana kwa wapenzi hao ndani ya nyumba.

Mbaya sana inakuja pale wanandugu wanapoingilia mambo ya ndani ya nyumba yenu. Wazazi wa kike na mawifi mfano, wamejulikana kusababisha matatizo mengi kwenye familia za watoto na kaka zao.

Kuepukana na hili ni muhimu kwa wapenzi ndani ya nyumba kuweka mipaka kwa ndugu ambayo haitaathiri uhusiano nao kama ndugu.

Pia ni muhimu kwa wenza hao kuweka mikakati ya pamoja juu ya kuhusiana nakusaidia ndugu toka katika familia zao mbili.

5. Suala la Unyumba

Japo kuwa suala kufanya mapenzi si kila kitu kwa wapenzi ndani ya nyumba lakini linachangia sana katika kuleta ugomvi aina yao. Kufanya mapenzi kupita kiasi au mara chache kunaleta matatizo kwa wapenzi hasa ambao wana uhitaji tofauti.

Wengine wanaona kama mpenzi ambaye hahitaji kufanya mapenzi mara nyingi na mwenzake labda anauhusiano na mtu mwingine zaidi yake. Au hamvutii tena kama zamani na huenda akaanza kuangalia nje.

Hii inajenga kutojiamini na kupoteza uaminifu,ambalo ni tatizo jingine kubwa katika mahusiano kama tulivyoonesha mwanzoni.

6. Vipaumbele katika Maisha

Wapenzi wawili wanapokuwa na mipango na malengo tofauti ni tatizo kubwa. Watu wanapokuwa katika uhusiano ambao ni wa kuishi daima,malengo na vipaumbele vyao ni lazima vioanishwe na juhudi za kila mmoja zilenge katika kufanikisha mipango hiyo ya pamoja.

Kunapotokea kuwa kila mmoja ana malengo tofauti basi hata vipaumbele vitakuwa tofauti na hapo ndipo shida zinapoanzia.

7. Uaminifu

Uaminifu katika mahusiaono ni jambo la muhimu sana. Bila uaminifu ni ngumu sana kwa mahusiano yoyote kudumu.

Uaminifu ni kitu ambacho hujengwa kwa muda mrefu na kikipotea ni ngumu sana kukirudisha. Japo inawezekana kujenga upya uaminifu lakini huchukua muda mrefu sana.

8. Wapenzi,Marafiki na Maisha ya Zamani

Mojawapo ya vyanzo vya ugomvi kati ya wapenzi ni wapenzi wa zamani. Mawasiliano ya aina yoyote na wapenzi wa zamani huleta wasiwasi mkubwa kwa mpenzi wa sasa. Ni kitu ambacho wapenzi wawili wanahitaji kuongea na kupanga jinsi ya kuepukana na matatizo ambayo yanaweza kusababishwa na historia zao za maisha.

Kuepukana na hii ni vyema kuvunya uhusiano wa aina yoyote na wapenzi wa zamani labda tu kama wapenzi hao ni wazazi wenza au mnafanya kazi pamoja na ni ngumu kutokuonana au kuwasiliana.

Suala linalofanana na hili ni uhusiano na baadhi ya marafiki wa jinsia moja ambao wanachukuliwa kuwa mfano mbaya na mpenzi wako. Kama haiwezekani kutowasiliana na kuonana na wapenzi wa zamani au marafiki, basi ni vyema wakawa marafiki wa familia nzima na mawasiliano yoyote kati yenu nao yawe wazi pasipo kificho.

9. Watoto

Suala la uleaji na ukuzaji wa watoto linasababisha ugomvi mara nyingi kati ya wazazi. Jinsi gani mtoto avae au shule ipi aende linapelekea wazazi wengi kugombana.

Ni jambo la muhimu sana kukubaliana juu ya mambo ya msingi juu ya malezi ya watoto. Tofauti za wazazi ziangaliwe kwanza vinginevyo zitaingilia malezi ya watoto na kusababisha ugomvi juu yao.

10. Kazi za Nyumbani

Imekuwa kama utamaduni kwa waafrika kuacha kazi nyingi kama si zote za nyumbani kwa mke. Kwa Wanawake ambao wanafanya kazi pia inakuwa ngumu sana. Hili linasababisha pia ugomvi kwa wapenzi nyumbani. Kama nguo ambazo mume anazivaa na kuzichafua tu bila ya kujali kuwa mweza wake ataumia wakati wa usafi na ikiwa yeye mwenyewe hajishughulishi na kufanya baadhi ya kazi za nyumbani ni wazi itasababisha ugomvi.

Ni vyema wanaume kuchukua baadhi ya majukumu nyumbani hata kama kutengeneza bustani au kulisha chakula mifugo.
Faida ya Ugomvi kati ya Mke na Mme Katika Mahusiano

Japokuwa ugomvi ni kitu cha kuepuka,lakini kina uzuri wake katika mahusiaono kama kikichukuliwa vizuri na kutumika kama kioo.

Kama mtu anagombana na mpenzi wake kwa madhumuni ya kuboresha ni kitu kizuri. Hii inaonesha kuwa anahitaji kuwa na wewe na anahitaji amani.

Ugomvi na mifarakano pia inatoa nafasi kwako kujiangalia vizuri na kama kinacholalamikiwa na mwenzio kina ukweli basi ni nafasi ya kujirekebisha.

Ni mategemeo kuwa kuna kipindi ambapo ugomvi utakuwa mkubwa na baadae wapenzi hao wataelewana na kurekebisha mambo yao.

i.  Ugomvi Unatoa Nafasi ya Kuongea Mambo Magumu

Wakati mwingine mazungumzo ya kawaida hayatoi nafasi ya wapenzi wawili kusema yale ya ndani na yanayozizonga nafsi zao. Ugomvi hufungua milango ya hisia za ndani na huenda vyanzo vya matatizo vikawekwa wazi na hivyo kufanyiwa kazi.

ii. Ugomvi unaonyesha Kuwa Mnajali na Mnataka Maboresho

Katika uhusiano ambao wenza hawajali,au hawana malengo ya muda mrefu huwa hawatoi duku zao juu ya utofauti na wapenzi wao.Hivyo wapenzi wanaogombana wanaonesha kuwa wana nia ya dhati na mwenzao na sio tu kupitisha muda.

iii. Ugomvi Unaboresha Uhusiano

Kwa muwa ugomvi unaibua hisia zilizojificha toka kwa wapenzi,ni wakati mzuri kuona matatizo ya kila mmoja. Na kama wapenzi hao wana nia ya dhati ya kuwa pamoja basi watafanyia kazi tofauti na mataizo waliyonayo. Hivyo kuboresha mahusiano yao

Kuna sababu nyingine nyingi ambazo zinachangia ugomvi kati ya mke na mme katika mahusiano lakini haya ni yale yanayotokea katika mahusiano mengi.

THINK AND JUST DECIDE

NGAZI KATIKA MAHUSIANO

Kwa nini baadhi ya mahusiano ya mapenzi  huvunjika na mengine hudumu daima?

Je, umewahi kujiuliza “Kwa nini ni uhusiano wetu una shida sana? Mambo yalikuwa mazuri sana tulipoanza,nini kimetokea? “

Jibu ni kwamba mnaweza mkawa mmetoka katika hatua moja na mko katika hatua nyingine ya mapenzi.

Uhusiano wa mapenzi hupitia katika hatua kubwa 5 zinazoenda katika mfuatano,na wakati ungine kujirudia. Ni muhimu sana kwa watu ambao wapo katika uhusiano wa mapenzi kufahamu hatua hizi ili kuweza kukabiliana na changamoto zake ili kufanikisha mahusiano yao.

Katika kila hatua kuna changamoto zake. Watu tofauti hutumia muda tofauti katika kila hatua. Wengine huenda kwa haraka na wengine hukaa katika kila hatua au baadhi yake kwa muda mrefu zaidi.

Makala hii inaonesha hatua hizi na kuangalia changamoto katika kila hatua na jinsi ambavyo wapenzi wanaweza kukabiriana nazo.

Hapa ni hatua 5 ya uhusiano kama ambavyo imebainishwa na watafiti katika mahusiano ya wapenzi:

1. Mahaba(“Romance”)
2. Uhalisia na Ugomvi
3. Kujitathimini na Kujitambua
4. Kujirudi na Utulivu
5. Makubaliano na Kujitoa

Hatua mbili za mwanzo ni hatua ngumu na wapenzi wengi wanaishia hapo. Hivyo ni hatua ambazo wapenzi wanahitaji kuzizingatia zaidi na kujipanga kukabiliana na changamoto zake.

MAHABA

Ni asili kila mtu kupenda. Hii ni hatua mabayo kila binadamu anapitia.

Kila mtu anahitaji mtu wa jinsia nyingine kuwa mwenza wa maisha yake. Mapenzi ni mojawapo ya mahitaji mengi ya kimwili, kihisia na hata kiroho kwa mwanadamu.

Mara nyingi tunakutana na watu ambao tunatofautiana sana kuliko kulingana. Hii ni wazi kutokana na kukua katika familia na mazingira tofauti. Kama tofauti hizi zingefahamika mapema basi watu wengi wasingeingia hata katika hatua hii ya awali.

Sayansi ya Kupenda:

Unapoingia katika mapenzi na mtu ubongo wako unatengeneza mchanganyiko wa kemikali na kuziachia mwilini. Kemikali hizi ni pamoja na Oxytocin, Phenylethylamine na Dopamine. Kemikali hizi huongeza mapingo ya moyo na kusisimua mwili. Na hali hii ndiyo tuyoita mapenzi au mahaba.
Hali hii ni sawa kabisa na ile ambayo watumiaji wa madawa ya kulevya wanaipata.

Kama walevi wa madawa,mtu ambaye ameingia katika mapenzi anaanza kuona vitu tofauti ni uhalisia. Vitu vinaonekana ni vizuri sana na ubaya unajificha kabisa. Unaona vile vitu vizuri tu ambavyo vinakufanya ujisikie vizuri na kupuuza vyote ambavyo vinakufanya ujisikie vibaya.
Ulevi huu unakufanya uone vile vitu ambavyo wewe na mpenzi wako mnafanana na kutupilia mbali vile vyote mnavyotofautiana na vibaya.

Unakufanya pia useme na kufanya vile ambavyo vinampendeza na kumfurahisha mpenzi wako pekee.

Hali hii itaendelea mpaka kilevi kikiisha nguvu na huweza kuchukua muda wa miezi 2 hadi miaka 2. Katika hatua hii, ubongo wako unaaacha kuzalisha kemikali hizi za mapenzi na unajikuta unashangaa ilikuwaje umekuwa na mtu huyo.

Hatua #2: REALITY AND CONFLICT( uhalisia na ugomvi)

Asilimia kubwa ya talaka za ndoa na kuvunjika kwa mahusiano hutokea hapa. Ni kipindi cha miaka 3 na 4.

Watu wanaanza kuona mambo kwa uhalisia na mnagundua hamfanani na mnatofautiana sana.

Hiki ni kipindi kigumu kwa wapenzi wengi,ni kipindi cha kukata tamaa na hasira. Ni kipindi ambacho ndoto zenu za kupendana daima zinaingia dosari.

Hivyo, unapata kazi ya kuanza kujaribu kumbadirisha mwenza wako ili awae kama ulivyofikiri alikuwa au kama ambavyo ungependa awe.

Ugomvi na na hata kupigana kunatokea katika hatua hii.

Hatua hii inaweza kuchukua miezi michache hadi miaka mingi, kutegemea na hatua ambazo wapenzi hao wanazichukua au kupata masaada toka kwa wengine.

Bila maarifa ya kupambana na ugomvi huu wa mamlaka na kutatua tofauti zao na kujitambua,wapenzi watarudi katika hatua hii mara kwa mara katika uhusiano wao.

Namna ya Kukabiliana na Hatua Hii

Kuna njia kadhaa ambazo wapenzi wanaweza wakachukua kukabiliana na matatizo yao wao wenyewe au kwa msaada wa watu wengine wa nje.

...Kukubali na kufahamu tofauti ya kila mmoja Kujifunza kugawana mamlaka, na kutambua kwamba kutumia nguvu kamwe hakutasaidia kupata unachokitaka
....Kutambua nafasi yako katika mahusiano
....Kukubaliana na maisha kwa jinsi yalivyo vyovyote vile ilivyo kukabiriana na kushinda hatua hii si kazi rahisi na walio wengi wanashindwa na kuvunja mahusiano ya muda mrefu.
Ukweli ni kwamba kushinda hatua hii ni muhimu sana kushirikisha na kupata msaada wa watu wengine,iwe ni ndugu rafiki au wataalamu wa ushauri wa mahusiano.

Hatua #3: Kujitathimini na kujitambua

Katika hatua hii kila mmoja anajitathmini kama anahitaji kuendelea na mahusiano au la.

Wapenzi wanatengeneza utengano kati yao na upendo unapungua sana kipindi hiki. Kujitenga na kuwa mbali kihisia kunatokea kati yao.

Ni rahisi kwa wapenzi kudanganya na kujihusisha na wapenzi wengine.

Hatua #4: Mapatano

Baada ya kipindi kirefu cha tathimini na wakafanikiwa kubaki pamoja,wapenzi wanatambua namna ya kushughulikia matatizo yao kwa namna ambavyo wote wanafaidika.

Katika hatua hii, hatimaye inakuwa wazi kuwa huwezi kubadili tabia ya mwenza wako na unaamua kumpokea na kumpenda kama alivyo.

Unakubali ukweli kuwa mpenzi wako yuko tofauti na wewe. Mnaamua kuweka mipaka yenu wazi na kujifunza kuheshimiana. Kama hii haiwezekani basi mnarudi tena katika hatua ya nyuma ya ugomvi.

Msisimko wa kuwa katika mapenzi unarudi zaidi ya ilivyokuwa katika hatua ya kwanza.

Katika hatua hii hasa ndio unakuwa tayari kuingia katika ndoa na kuwa na mipango ya pamoja ya muda mrefu.

Hatua #5: Makubaliano na Kujitoa

Katika hatua hii ya uhusiano wa mapenzi wapenzi wanakuwa wameamua kuwa pamoja na kama timu wanafanya mambo pamoja.

Wapenzi wanapendana ki kweli na wameamua kuwa pamoja ukiachia tofauti zao.

Wapenzi wanakuwa marafiki katika hatua hii. Inasemekana asilimia ndogo sana ya wapenzi wanafika katika hatua hii (inakadiliwa kuwa chini ya 5% ya wapenzi wote)
Kuhitimisha..

Hatua hizi haziendi moja ka moja katika mfuatano. Mara nyingi huenda mbele na kurudi nyuma tena kama wapenzi hawazingatii na kuelewa mambo ya muhimu ya kukabiliana na changamoto za jatua husika.
Wapenzi wengi wanafunga ndoa wakiwa bado katika hatua za mwanzo. Wengi wanakuwa katika ulevi wa mapenzi na wanaishia kuachana. Ni muhimu sana kupitia hatua hizi na kuzifahamu.

Unapofahamu changamoto za kila hatua ni rahisi kwa wapenzi kuwa wavumilivu na kutafuta mbinu za kuatatua matatizo yao na kukua katika uhusiano wa mapenzi.

Wewe ni namba ngap?
Tafakari na uchukue hatua
THINK AND JUST DECIDE